the participants felt that specific hazards might be identifiable for certain groups of e.g. genetically modified organisms, crops, traits. However risk analysis of GMOs must be carried out on a case by case basis;

the participants agreed that risk assessment must be done to account for environmental and genetic variability;

the participants recognize the existence of gaps of knowledge therefore continued research and significant increase of funding on biosafety related research and capacity building is required to address present and future needs; the participants agreed, with one exception, that technological innovation could be designed (technology shaping) to include the criteria of enhancing inherent safety;

the participants agreed that risk analysis should always consider alternatives including non biotechnological ones (comparative risk assessment covering all alternatives);

with one exception, all participants recommended post-release monitoring (incl. the development of appropriate protocols) broad enough to capture unexpected consequences, including building capacity in developing countries; the participants agreed that risk analysis must be strengthened, in order to involve all stakeholders;

In particular the discussion focused on DNA transfer, development of resistance and non-target effects with the following conclusions: the participants concluded that gene transfer might pose a hazard if genes coding for proteins affecting human health are involved;

the participants recognized that DNA transfer and expression should be further investigated in various ecosystems;

the participants were of the view that resistance build up may require changes in pest management strategies bearing human health hazards; the participants agreed that non-target effects as they relate to agronomic practices and biodiversity issue should be investigated.

The seminar recognizes that the hazards discussed are not all unique to GMOs but may also apply to other organisms

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